DINAMIKA PARTISIPASI ANGKATAN KERJA PEREMPUAN
FAKTOR KUNCI DI INDONESIA
Abstract
Women's participation in the labor force plays a crucial role in a country's economic growth. However, the gender gap in labor is still quite high in Indonesia. Female labor force participation rate tends to stagnate and lag behind men for the last 30 years, it’s indicating that there is a need improvement in employment. This research aims to test the factors that influence the female labor force participation rate in Indonesia from 1990 to 2021. Using multivariable regression analysis using the Ordinary Least Square method, it was found that there was a positive effect on education and female labor force participation rate. Meanwhile, fertility and working-age population have a negative effect on female labor force participation rate in Indonesia. Women’s labor force participation should be part of a policy strategy to maximize women's potential.
References
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[4] U. E. Pertiwi, H. Heriberta, and H. Hardiani, “Pengaruh Ketimpangan Gender Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Provinsi Jambi,” J. Ekon. Aktual, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 69–76, 2021, doi: 10.53867/jea.v1i2.17.
[5] J. Mincer, Labor Force Participation of Married Women: A Study of Labor Supply, vol. 1, no. 06. 1962.
[6] A. Tansel, “Participation In Turkey : Labor Force Participation In Turkey : Time-Series Evidence And Cross-Province Estimates,” 2002.
[7] G. Psacharopoulos and Z. Tzannatos, “Female labor force participation: An international perspective,” World Bank Res. Obs., vol. 4, pp. 187–201, Aug. 1989, doi: 10.1093/wbro/4.2.187.
[8] A. Gehringer and S. Klasen, “Labor Force Participation of Women in the EU – What Role do Family Policies Play ?,” pp. 1–28, 2016, doi: 10.1111/labr.12085.
[9] S. Verick, “Female labor force participation in developing countries,” IZA World Labor, 2014.
[10] F. Shirazi, “Information and communication technology and women empowerment in Iran,” Telemat. Informatics, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 45–55, 2012.
[11] World Bank, “W,” 2022. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (accessed May 16, 2024).
[12] Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), “No Title,” 2022. https://bandarlampungkota.bps.go.id/indicator/52/38/1/pdrb-menurut-lapangan-usaha-kota-bandar-lampung.html (accessed May 21, 2024).
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[15] O. O. Idowu and T. Owoeye, “Female Labour Force Participation in African Countries: An Empirical Analysis,” Indian J. Hum. Dev., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 278–293, 2019, doi: 10.1177/0973703019895234.
[16] S. A. Al Faziah, I. Mafruhah, and J. J. Sarungu, “Does Women ’ s Reproductive Health and Empowerment Affect Female Labor Participation in ASEAN?,” J. Ekon. Pembang. Kaji. Masal. Ekon. dan Pembang., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 32–39, 2020, doi: 10.23917/jep.v21i1.10387.
[17] Z. Lv and R. Yang, “Does women’s participation in politics increase female labor participation? Evidence from panel data analysis,” J. Econ. Lett., vol. 170, pp. 35–38, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.econlet.2018.05.013.
[18] R. Ardella, N. Istiyani, and A. Jumiati, “Jurnal Ekonomi Ekuilibrium ( JEK ) Determinan Tingkat Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja Wanita di Pulau Jawa Tahun,” J. Ekon. Ekuilibrium, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 15–22, 2019.
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[20] M. Agboola, “Female Labour Force Participation in Saudi Arabia and its Determinants,” Gospod. Nar., vol. 305, no. 1, pp. 135–152, 2021, doi: 10.33119/gn/132482.
[21] F. A. Hermawan, “Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja Wanita Di Jawa Timur Jurnal Ilmiah Disusun oleh : 2021,” 2021.
[22] W. O. Shittu and N. Abdullah, “Fertility, education, and female labour participation: Dynamic panel analysis of ASEAN-7 countries,” Int. J. Soc. Econ., vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 66–82, 2019, doi: 10.1108/IJSE-11-2017-0559.
[23] M. T. Choudhry and P. Elhorst, “Female labour force participation and economic development,” Int. J. Manpow., vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 896–912, 2018, doi: 10.1108/IJM-03-2017-0045.
[24] A. Fatima and H. Sultana, “Tracing out the U-shape relationship between female labor force participation rate and economic development for Pakistan,” Int. J. Soc. Econ., vol. 36, no. 1–2, pp. 182–198, 2009, doi: 10.1108/03068290910921253.
[25] H. Tam, “U-shaped female labor participation with economic development: Some panel data evidence,” Econ. Lett., vol. 110, no. 2, pp. 140–142, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.econlet.2010.11.003.
[26] P. Divya Sai and B. Kameswari, “The female labor force participation rate and India’s economic development: tracing the U feminization hypothesis,” Int. J. Res. Trends Innov., vol. 7, no. August, p. 169, 2022, [Online]. Available: www.ijrti.org.
[27] Y. M. Altarawneh, “Economic Development and Female Labor Force Participation in Bangladesh: A Test of the U-Shaped Hypothesis,” J. South Asian Stud., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 99–111, 2020, doi: 10.33687/jsas.008.03.3826.
[28] J. N. Sinha, Dynamics of female participation in economic activity in a developing economy. 1965.
[29] E. Boserup, “Women’s role in economic development. St,” Martins, New York, 1970.
[30] G. S. Becker, Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education, Third Edit. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993.
[31] J. Mincer, “Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution,” J. Polit. Econ., vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 141–161, 1958, doi: doi:10.1086/258055.
[32] D. Ç. Yıldırım and H. Akinci, “The dynamic relationships between the female labour force and the economic growth,” J. Econ. Stud., no. 1970, 2020, doi: 10.1108/JES-05-2020-0227.
[33] S. Narayan, T. T. Nguyen, and X. H. Nghiem, “Does economic integration increase female labour force participation? Some new evidence from Vietnam,” Bull. Monet. Econ. Bank., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 1–34, 2021, doi: 10.21098/bemp.v24i1.1577.
[34] R. A. Easterlin, “Relative economic status and the American fertility swing,” Fam. Econ. Behav. Probl. Prospect., pp. 170–223, 1973.
[35] Q. O. Onyeke and E. R. Ukwueze, “Trade Openness and Female Labour Force Participation Rate in Nigeria,” J. Xi’an Shiyou Univ., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 433–457, 2022.
[36] Ö. Taşseven, D. Altaş, and T. ÜN, “The Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation,” Int. J. Econ. Stud., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 27–38, 2016, doi: 10.4018/978-1-5225-6912-1.ch017.
[37] C. Gonzales, Jain-Chandra, K. Kochhar, M. Newiak, and Z. Tlek, “Catalyst for Change: Empowering Women and Tackling Income Inequality.” Staff Discussion Note, 2016.
[38] M. Djirimu, Y. Yohan, F. S. Poodo, A. Tombolotutu, and M. F. Paskual, “Determinant Analysis on the Female Labor Force Participation Rate in Eastern Indonesia: The Case of Central Sulawesi Province Between 2016-2021,” J. Econ. Financ. Manag. Stud., vol. 06, no. 04, pp. 1492–1502, 2023, doi: 10.47191/jefms/v6-i4-11.
[39] World Bank, “No Title,” 2022. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (accessed Sep. 20, 2023).
[40] P. Harijadi, “ANALISIS VARIABEL YANG MEMPENGARUHI PARTISIPASI TENAGA KERJA WANITA,” J. Ekon. dan Bisnis, vol. 22, no. 2, p. 5036584, 2020.
[41] C. W. Su, Z. Z. Li, R. Tao, and O. R. Lobonţ, “Can economic development boost the active female labor force?,” Qual. Quant., vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 1021–1036, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s11135-018-0800-z.
[42] S. Zuhri and D. Amalia, “Ketidakadilan Gender dan Budaya Patriarki di Kehidupan Masyarakat Indonesia,” Murabbi J. Ilm. dalam Bid. Pendidik., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 17–41, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://ejournal.stitalhikmah-tt.ac.id/index.php/murabbi/article/download/100/99.
[43] M. Ilham and E. H. Pangaribowo, “Analisis Ketimpangan Ekonomi Menurut Provinsi Di Indonesia Tahun 2011 – 2015,” J. Bumi Indones., 2015.
[44] H. Engelhardt and A. Prskawetz, “On the changing correlation between fertility and female employment over space and time,” Eur. J. Popul., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 35–62, 2004, doi: 10.1023/B:EUJP.0000014543.95571.3b.
[45] S. A. Al Faziah, W. Perwithosuci, N. Hidayah, and A. Z. Abidin, “Women ’ s Literacy Rate and Women ’ s Labor Participation in ASEAN,” J. Ekon. Pembang. Kaji. Masal. Ekon. dan Pembang., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 56–62, 2022, doi: 10.23917/jep.v23i1.17183.
[46] S. H. Hosney, “Factors Influencing Female Labor Force Participationin Egypt and Germany: A Comparative Study,” 2016.
[47] D. A. Puspasari and H. R. Handayani, “Analisis Pengaruh Pendidikan, Kesehatan, Dan Upah Terhadap Produktivitas Tenaga Kerja Di Provinsi Jawa Tengah,” J. Din. Ekon. Pembang., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 65–76, 2020.
[48] L. C. Voumik, M. H. Rahman, M. A. Islam, M. A. S. Chowdhury, and G. Zimon, “The Impact of Female Education, Trade Openness, Per Capita GDP, and Urbanization on Women’s Employment in South Asia: Application of CS-ARDL Model,” Systems, vol. 11, no. 2, 2023, doi: 10.3390/systems11020097.
[49] E. Lehrer and M. Nerlove, “Female labor force behavior and fertility in the united states,” pp. 181–204, 1986.
[50] C. Goldin and J. Mitchell, “The New Life Cycle of Women’s Employment: Disappreaing Humps, Sagging Middles, Expanding Tops,” vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 161–182, 2017.
[51] A. Harsoyo and E. Sulistyaningrum, “Pengaruh Fertilitas Terhadap Partisipasi Tenaga Kerja Perempuan,” J. Ekon. Kuantitatif Terap., vol. 11, no. 2, p. 130, 2018, doi: 10.24843/jekt.2018.v11.i02.p01.
[52] P. Ukil, “Effect of Fertility on Female Labour Force Participation in the United Kingdom,” vol. 2, pp. 109–132, 2015, doi: 10.1177/0973801014568145.
[53] Y. Shuangshuang, W. Zhu, N. Mughal, S. Ivan, V. Aparcana, and I. Muda, “The impact of education and digitalization on female labour force participation in BRICS: an advanced panel data analysis,” Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun., vol. 10, pp. 1–9, 2023, doi: 10.1057/s41599-023-02020-2.
[54] N. Nazah, J. Duasa, and M. I. Arifin, “Fertility and Female Labor Force Participation in Asian Countries; Panel ARDL Approach,” J. Ekon. Stud. Pembang., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 272–288, 2021, doi: 10.18196/jesp.v22i2.11142.
[55] A. A. Bawazir, A. F. Osman, and M. Aslam, “Factors affecting female labor force participation in the Middle East: An empirical evidence from panel data approach,” J. Dev. Areas, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 59–72, 2022.
[56] S. Ghosh, “How trade diversification and economic growth affect gender inequality in female labour market participation ? The case of India,” vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 127–141, 2022, doi: 10.1108/JED-12-2020-0194.
[57] Y. Nuraeni and I. Lilin Suryono, “Analisis Kesetaraan Gender dalam Bidang Ketenagakerjaan Di Indonesia,” Nakhoda J. Ilmu Pemerintah., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 68–79, 2021, doi: 10.35967/njip.v20i1.134.
[58] Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), “No Title.” www.bps.go.id.
[59] K. Khotimah, “Diskriminasi gender terhadap perempuan dalam sektor pekerjaan,” Yinyang J. Stud. Islam Gend. Dan Anak, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 158–180, 2009.
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Published
2024-06-24
How to Cite
KURNIASARI, Wulan; GUNARTO, Toto; YULIAWAN, Dedy.
DINAMIKA PARTISIPASI ANGKATAN KERJA PEREMPUAN.
Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis (EK dan BI), [S.l.], v. 7, n. 1, p. 38-47, june 2024.
ISSN 2621-4695.
Available at: <https://jurnal.murnisadar.ac.id/index.php/EKBI/article/view/1343>. Date accessed: 04 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.37600/ekbi.v7i1.1343.
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Section
Articles
